US inflation keeps pressure on consumers and Fed

The official numbers do give Trump ammunition. The economy grew at a 2.2% annualised pace in the second quarter, unemployment remains low and AI-related capital spending is still supporting growth. But that strength is uneven. September payrolls rose by just 29,000, July and August job gains were revised down, and real household purchasing power is being squeezed by inflation that remains sticky even after the post-pandemic surge has faded.

That is why the politics of inflation still bite. August consumer prices were up 3.4% from a year earlier, and while that is well below the peaks earlier in the decade, households are not reacting to the rate of change alone. They are reacting to the cumulative level of prices. Fuel oil is up 52% over the past year, ground beef 7.2%, coffee 6.1% and electricity 3.8%. Eggs are cheaper, but the relief is too narrow to offset the broader burden.

Gasoline is especially potent because consumers see it every week, and that is showing up in sentiment. Roughly half of Americans told AP-NORC they were extremely or very concerned about affording gasoline, up sharply from July, while a similar share said the same about food. The University of Michigan’s consumer sentiment index has fallen to one of its weakest readings in 74 years. In practical terms, that means the market for discretionary spending could stay under pressure even if headline GDP looks healthy.

The policy mix is adding to the strain. The Fed’s benchmark rate was raised to 3.75% to 4% in September, keeping borrowing costs elevated for mortgages, auto loans and revolving credit. Trump’s tariffs are also feeding the inflation debate. The Yale Budget Lab says the tariffs could cost the average household about $1,100 this year, while the White House argues the hit will be offset over time by tax cuts, deregulation and more domestic manufacturing. That may be a long-run industrial policy argument, but the ballot box is a short-run price test.

Energy is another channel. The Iran conflict has helped lift fuel costs, and Moody’s Analytics estimates the average US household could spend about $1,000 more this year because of higher fuel, food and related prices tied to the war. For investors, that is a reminder that geopolitics is still flowing directly into inflation-sensitive sectors, from transport to consumer staples to utilities. Higher power bills also collide with the AI buildout, where data centres are driving large new electricity demand and raising local costs.